3. Some Remarks about Non-Rabbinic Judaism, Rabbinization, and Synagogal Judaism

In ‘Some Remarks about Non-Rabbinic Judaism, Rabbinization, and Synagogal Judaism’, José Costa proposes the tripartite division of Late Antique Judaism into rabbinic Judaism, Christian Judaism (i.e., Jewish Christianity), and “synagogal Judaism”, a term coined by Simon Claude Mimouni (Le judaïsme ancien du VIe siècle avant notre ère au IIIe siècle de notre ère, 2012). Costa particularly engages with and criticizes Ra‘anan Boustan’s article ‘Rabbinization and the Making of Early Jewish Mysticism’ (2011). Costa suggests that the rabbinization process meant mainly the rabbinization of the synagogues and the religious activity within, a conclusion that can be shared also by those who do not adhere to the model of “synagogal Judaism”.